Bioarchaeológiai adatok Sárrétudvari-Poroshalom három sírjának társadalomrégészeti megítéléséhez

In this paper, results of the bioarchaeological (anthropological, paleopathological, and activity-related) analysis of three skeletons from the Sárrétudvari–Poroshalom cemetery (10th century AD) are presented to find possible relationship between the archaeological and anthropological data. In the skeleton from grave No. 1, traces of injuries resulted from interpersonal violence were described on the skull. Furthermore, entheseal and joint changes, developed due to his physically active life-style (e.g., horse riding and archery), were noted on the postcranial skeleton. The rich gravegoods (e.g., sabre, archery equipment, and ornamented belt) and the activity-related changes (e.g., traumas of the skull) imply that the individual had a leading position in his society, which was completed by military activities, as well. Although the military status of the individual from grave No. 2 (buried with ornamented belt, harness, and archery equipment) is not that clear, the numerous postcranial traumas and asymmetric entheseal and joint changes very likely resulted from physical activity. According to the complex evaluation of the anthropological and archaeological data, we can state that the weapons in their graves represented not only their elite social status but also their military functions. The bioarchaeological evaluation of the individual from grave No. 9 is problematic due to her advanced age and pathological changes (e.g., rheumathoid arthritis). However, it gives us valuable information about the geographical microregion: from the total of 110 graves with horse-riding-related grave goods, it is only the ninth female case. In summary, we can state that complex investigations allow us to take conclusion in certain questions, which cannot be examined in detail with archaeological or anthropological methods alone

Transformacja specjalnych reżimów prawnych na Węgrzech w świetle kryzysów

In our study, we present the new amendments to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, which significantly broaden the definition of a state of danger. The reason for the amendment is the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, which has led to a humanitarian situation unprecedented since the Second World War and has changed the economic situation in Europe. The aim is essentially to be able to develop effective, rapid national responses to the consequences of international economic changes. The amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary allows the Government to declare a state of danger in the event of war, armed conflict, or humanitarian disaster in a neighboring country so that all necessary means are available to assist, support and accommodate people fleeing the situation and to prevent the adverse economic effects of the situation and mitigate the consequences. The study describes in detail the changes to the concept of the state of danger following the amendments of the Fundamental Law of Hungary and also when the emergency was introduced in practice. The authors also draw attention to the reasons for the Tenth Amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary and present other types of special legal orders.W artykule przedstawiamy nowe zmiany w Ustawie Zasadniczej Węgier, które istotnie poszerzają definicję stanu zagrożenia. Powodem nowelizacji jest trwająca wojna rosyjsko-ukraińska, która doprowadziła do największego od II wojny światowej kryzysu humanitarnego i zmieniła sytuację gospodarczą w Europie. Ogólnym celem jest opracowanie środków szybkiej reakcji na poziomie krajowym na skutki międzynarodowych zmian gospodarczych. Nowelizacja węgierskiej Ustawy Zasadniczej pozwala rządowi na wprowadzanie stanu zagrożenia w wypadku występującej w sąsiednim kraju wojny, konfliktu zbrojnego lub katastrofy naturalnej, aby istniały wszelkie niezbędne środki pomocy, wsparcia i przyjęcia ludzi uciekających z terenu objętego kryzysem oraz w celu zapobieżenia niekorzystnemu wpływowi takiej sytuacji na gospodarkę i łagodzenia jego skutków. W opracowaniu opisano szczegółowo zmiany koncepcji stanu zagrożenia po nowelizacji Ustawy Zasadniczej Węgier, a także przypadki, gdy w praktyce wprowadzano stan wyjątkowy. Zwrócono uwagę również na powody uchwalenia dziesiątej nowelizacji Ustawy Zasadniczej Węgier i przedstawiono pozostałe rodzaje specjalnych reżimów prawnych

The certification of the activity concentration of the radionuclides 137Cs, 90Sr and 40K in wild berries: IRMM-426

This report describes the production of CRM IRMM-426, a dried bilberry material certified for the radionuclide activity concentrations of 137Cs, 90Sr and 40K. The material was produced following ISO Guide 34:2009. Bilberry samples were collected in a woodland region of so-called “strontium hot spots” close to the Chernobyl reactor site. The samples were air-dried at the sampling site before transport to IRMM, where the raw material was oven-dried, cryo-milled, sieved, homogenised and bottled. The bottled material was sterilised by gamma-irradiation. Between-unit homogeneity was quantified and stability during dispatch and storage were assessed in accordance with ISO Guide 35:2006. The material was characterised by an intercomparison among laboratories of demonstrated competence and adhering to ISO/IEC 17025. Technically invalid results were removed but no outlier was eliminated on statistical grounds only. Uncertainties of the certified values were calculated in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and include uncertainties related to possible inhomogeneity and instability and to characterisation. The material is intended for the assessment of method performance and quality control. As any reference material, it can also be used for control charts or validation studies. The CRM is available in amber glass jars containing about 100 g of dried bilberry powder. The minimum amount of sample to be used for analysis is 50 g for 90Sr and 18 g for 137Cs and 40K.JRC.D.2-Standards for Innovation and sustainable Developmen

Substitutional p-type doping in NbS2 -MoS2 lateral heterostructures grown by MOCVD

Monolayer MoS2 has attracted significant attention owing to its excellent performance as an n-type semiconductor from the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) family. It is however strongly desired to develop controllable synthesis methods for 2D p-type MoS2, which is crucial for complementary logic applications but remains difficult. In this work, high-quality NbS2-MoS2 lateral heterostructures are synthesized by one-step metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) together with monolayer MoS2 substitutionally doped by Nb, resulting in a p-type doped behavior. The heterojunction shows a p-type transfer characteristic with a high on/off current ratio of approximate to 10(4), exceeding previously reported values. The band structure through the NbS2-MoS2 heterojunction is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and quantum transport simulations. This work provides a scalable approach to synthesize substitutionally doped TMDC materials and provides an insight into the interface between 2D metals and semiconductors in lateral heterostructures, which is imperative for the development of next-generation nanoelectronics and highly integrated devices

The genetic legacy of the Hunyadi descendants

The Hunyadi family is one of the most influential families in the history of Central Europe in the 14th–16th centuries. The family’s prestige was established by Johannes Hunyadi, a Turk-beater who rose to the position of governor of the Kingdom of Hungary. His second son, Matthias Hunyadi, became the elected ruler of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1458. The Hunyadi family had unknown origin. Moreover, Matthias failed to found a dynasty because of lacking a legitimate heir and his illegitimate son Johannes Corvinus was unable to obtain the crown. His grandson, Christophorus Corvinus, died in childhood, thus the direct male line of the family ended. In the framework of on interdisciplinary research, we have determined the whole genome sequences of Johannes Corvinus and Christophorus Corvinus by next-generation sequencing technology. Both of them carried the Y-chromosome haplogroup is E1b1b1a1b1a6a1c ~, which is widespread in Eurasia. The father-son relationship was verified using the classical STR method and whole genome data. Christophorus Corvinus belongs to the rare, sporadically occurring T2c1þ146 mitochondrial haplogroup, most frequent around the Mediterranean, while his father belongs to the T2b mitochondrial haplogroup, widespread in Eurasia, both are consistent with the known origin of the mothers. Archaeogenomic analysis indicated that the Corvinus had an ancient European genome composition. Based on the reported genetic data, it will be possible to identify all the other Hunyadi family member, whose only known grave site is known, but who are resting assorted with several other skeletons